diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5efde7b..10646f5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -64,16 +64,24 @@ docker compose down
 systemctl --user stop creatorhub-browser-gateway.service
 ```
 
-## 本地开发（热加载）
+## 本地开发（分开启动）
+
+首次安装前端依赖：
 
 ```bash
 npm --prefix web ci
-pnpm dev
 ```
 
-- `pnpm dev`：同时运行 Go control-plane 和 Vite HMR；
-- `pnpm dev:backend`：启动 PostgreSQL 依赖，检查宿主机 native gateway 后运行 control-plane；
-- `pnpm dev:frontend`：单独运行前端。
+分别在四个终端运行：
+
+```bash
+pnpm env       # PostgreSQL 依赖
+pnpm gateway   # native browser gateway
+pnpm backend   # Go control-plane，Air 自动重载
+pnpm frontend  # Vite 前端，支持 HMR
+```
+
+`pnpm backend` 不会自动启动数据库或 gateway；先启动 `env` 和 `gateway`。`pnpm gateway` 直接运行当前用户的 native gateway，不要求安装 systemd 服务。修改 `browser_gateway` 的 Python 文件后，重启该命令；新增或删除前端路由后，重跑 `pnpm --dir web run routes:generate`。
 
 服务地址：
 
diff --git a/docs/deployment.md b/docs/deployment.md
index d719902..e901b7c 100644
--- a/docs/deployment.md
+++ b/docs/deployment.md
@@ -93,12 +93,22 @@ Compose 中的 control-plane 访问宿主机 gateway 时，网关 Endpoint 登
 
 ### 裸机开发
 
+首次安装前端依赖：
+
 ```bash
 npm --prefix web ci
-pnpm dev
 ```
 
-`pnpm dev:backend` 只启动 PostgreSQL 依赖，并在启动 control-plane 前检查宿主机 gateway；它不会创建 browser runtime 或替代 gateway。
+分别在终端启动依赖和服务：
+
+```bash
+pnpm env       # PostgreSQL
+pnpm gateway   # native browser gateway
+pnpm backend   # Go control-plane，Air 热加载
+pnpm frontend  # Vite，HMR
+```
+
+`pnpm backend` 不会隐式启动 PostgreSQL 或 gateway；`pnpm gateway` 直接运行当前用户的 native gateway，不要求 systemd。停止各服务时关闭对应终端即可。
 
 默认联调地址：
 
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 0170da1..224ee2c 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
   "private": true,
   "version": "0.1.0",
   "scripts": {
-    "dev:deps": "docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.dev.yaml up -d postgres",
-    "dev:backend": "node scripts/dev-backend.mjs",
-    "dev:frontend": "pnpm -C web run dev",
-    "dev": "node scripts/dev.mjs"
+    "env": "docker compose -f compose.yaml -f compose.dev.yaml up -d postgres",
+    "backend": "node scripts/dev-backend.mjs",
+    "frontend": "pnpm -C web run dev",
+    "gateway": "node scripts/dev-gateway.mjs"
   }
 }
diff --git a/scripts/dev-backend.mjs b/scripts/dev-backend.mjs
index 680c43e..9007c1b 100755
--- a/scripts/dev-backend.mjs
+++ b/scripts/dev-backend.mjs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env node
-// dev-backend: 启动 PostgreSQL 依赖，并连接宿主机 native browser gateway 后运行 control-plane。
-import { spawn, spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
+// backend: 运行带 Air 热加载的 Go control-plane。
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
 import { readFileSync, existsSync } from "node:fs";
 import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
 import path from "node:path";
@@ -37,25 +37,6 @@ if (!overrides.LOG_LEVEL) overrides.LOG_LEVEL = "debug";
 if (!overrides.NATIVE_GATEWAY_ENDPOINT) overrides.NATIVE_GATEWAY_ENDPOINT = "http://127.0.0.1:8081";
 
 const env = { ...process.env, ...overrides };
-const compose = spawnSync(
-  "docker",
-  ["compose", "-f", "compose.yaml", "-f", "compose.dev.yaml", "up", "-d", "postgres"],
-  { cwd: root, env, stdio: "inherit" },
-);
-if (compose.status !== 0) {
-  console.error("启动 PostgreSQL 容器失败，请确认 Docker 只用于数据库依赖。");
-  process.exit(compose.status ?? 1);
-}
-
-try {
-  const response = await fetch(`${overrides.NATIVE_GATEWAY_ENDPOINT}/healthz`, { signal: AbortSignal.timeout(2000) });
-  if (!response.ok) throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`);
-} catch (error) {
-  console.error(`[dev-backend] native browser gateway 不可达：${overrides.NATIVE_GATEWAY_ENDPOINT} (${error})`);
-  console.error("请先以非 root 用户启动 browser_gateway.server.http 或对应的 systemd user service。");
-  process.exit(1);
-}
-
 const air = spawn("air", ["-c", ".air.toml", ...process.argv.slice(2)], {
   cwd: root,
   env,
diff --git a/scripts/dev-gateway.mjs b/scripts/dev-gateway.mjs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdc3465
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/dev-gateway.mjs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env node
+// gateway: 直接运行开发用 native browser gateway；不依赖 systemd。
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import { existsSync, readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
+
+const root = path.dirname(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)));
+
+function readEnvFile(filePath) {
+  if (!existsSync(filePath)) return {};
+  const values = {};
+  for (const line of readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").split("\n")) {
+    const match = /^([A-Za-z_][A-Za-z0-9_]*)=(.*)$/.exec(line.trim());
+    if (match) values[match[1]] = match[2];
+  }
+  return values;
+}
+
+const rootEnv = readEnvFile(path.join(root, ".env"));
+const gatewayEnvPath = process.env.CREATORHUB_BROWSER_GATEWAY_ENV
+  ?? path.join(os.homedir(), ".config", "creatorhub", "browser-gateway.env");
+const gatewayEnv = readEnvFile(gatewayEnvPath);
+const env = { ...process.env, ...rootEnv, ...gatewayEnv };
+if (!env.LISTEN_ADDR) env.LISTEN_ADDR = "0.0.0.0:8081";
+
+const gateway = spawn("python3", ["-m", "browser_gateway.server.http"], {
+  cwd: root,
+  env,
+  stdio: "inherit",
+});
+
+for (const signal of ["SIGINT", "SIGTERM"]) {
+  process.on(signal, () => gateway.kill(signal));
+}
+
+gateway.on("exit", (code, signal) => {
+  if (signal) process.exit(1);
+  process.exit(code ?? 0);
+});
diff --git a/scripts/dev.mjs b/scripts/dev.mjs
deleted file mode 100644
index bdd40bd..0000000
--- a/scripts/dev.mjs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env node
-// dev: 同时跑 dev:backend（air 热加载 control-plane）与 dev:frontend（vite HMR）。
-// Ctrl-C 结束两个子进程。
-import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
-import path from "node:path";
-import { fileURLToPath } from "node:url";
-
-const root = path.dirname(path.dirname(fileURLToPath(import.meta.url)));
-const pnpm = process.env.npm_execpath || "pnpm";
-
-const procs = [
-  spawn(pnpm, ["run", "dev:backend"], { cwd: root, stdio: "inherit" }),
-  spawn(pnpm, ["run", "dev:frontend"], { cwd: root, stdio: "inherit" }),
-];
-
-for (const signal of ["SIGINT", "SIGTERM"]) {
-  process.on(signal, () => {
-    for (const p of procs) p.kill(signal);
-  });
-}
-
-let remaining = procs.length;
-for (const p of procs) {
-  p.on("exit", (code) => {
-    if (--remaining === 0) process.exit(code ?? 0);
-  });
-}